The Colonization Of Stevens Essays - Literature,

The Colonization Of Stevens The Colonization of Stevens In the year 1954, two years before the setting of Ishiguros The Remains of the Day, the Suez waterway was returned by and by to the legislature of Egypt putting an unexpected end to the English government and expansionism that had reached out all through hundreds of years. The Remains of the Day by Kazuo Ishiguro fills in as a vanity for the dismissal of the British Empire by its colonized subjects. Much like the storyteller of the novel, Stevens, exemplifies the administration of the British Empire, his acknowledgment of the broad value his pride has cost him represents the frontier subjects acknowledgment that their opportunity was purchased at a cost also. By capitulating to his poise, Stevens, the incomparable English head servant likewise loses quite a bit of his self-rule, as did the states of the Empire. The subjects of these settlements were persuaded that their voices were heard and esteemed, as in a majority rules system, yet once gained the English Parliament gave little consideration to the residents other than as intends to a benefit. Similarly as the provinces understood the degree of their reliance on the British Empire, Stevens also understands the effect of putting his entire presence into the confused hands of Lord Darlington. Stevens at long last concedes the absurdity of his dedication to Darlington, a commitment that cost him a lot of his life. Ruler Darlington wasnt a terrible man. He wasnt a terrible man by any means. Also, at any rate he had the priviledge of having the option to state toward an incredible finish that he committed his own errors. His lordship was a fearless man. He picked a specific way throughout everyday life, it end up being a misinformed one, yet there, he picked it, he can say that in any event. With respect to myself, I can't guarantee that. I trusted. I confided in his lordships intelligence. Every one of those years I served him, I believed I was accomplishing something advantageous. I cannot state I committed my own errors. Extremely one needs to ask oneself-what poise is there in that? (p. 201) Stevens put stock at long last that he had made his life a loss by putting it in the possession of his social betters. He was overwhelmed in an arrangement of chain of command that, at long last, overlooked him totally. He doesn't characterize himself beyond his subordinate situation of Lord Darlington and, similarly as the domains of the British Empire, he ends up colonized and unfit to change. The pecking order, which brings nobility, is exactly the same framework that takes self-sufficiency from its subjects. English Essays

Order, Age, and Pareidolia

Request, Age, and Pareidolia Request, Age, and Pareidolia Request, Age, and Pareidolia By Maeve Maddox In his Essay on Criticism (1711), Alexander Pope (1688-1744) composed: A touch of learning is a perilous thing; Drink profound, or taste not the Pierian spring: there shallow drafts [swallows] inebriate the mind, what's more, drinking to a great extent [drinking incredible quantities] calms us once more. In Greek fantasy, drinking from the Pierian spring ingrained information. In current terms, Pope is stating that shallow information causes individuals to envision they know more than they do about a point; this misguided feeling of information prompts excessive ends that don't hold up with additional data. A case of a little information being a hazardous thing is the snare of falsehood and fear inspired notion that has grown up around a Latin citation on the converse of the Great Seal of the United States. Note: Images of the two sides of the Great Seal can be seen on the rear of a one-dollar note. The picture of the converse is on the left. The converse of the Great Seal shows an uncompleted pyramid with an eye in a rayed triangle above it. The words ANNUIT COEPTIS show up over the eye, and the words NOVUS ORDO SECLORUM show up on a look underneath the pyramid. The two citations are taken from Vergil’s Latin epic, the Aeneid. The primary citation, annuit coeptis, interprets as â€Å"[He] favors the undertaking.† With regards to the sonnet, the line is a piece of a supplication by Aeneas to Jupiter, and the comprehended subject He alludes to the main Roman god. Aeneas was asking about â€Å"undertakings† that incorporated the establishment of Rome. (As per Vergil, Romulus and Remus were relatives of Aeneas.) To the eighteenth-century Deists setting up a nation they saw as a â€Å"new Rome† bound to suffer for a considerable length of time, the eye-and the suggested pronoun-spoke to Divine Providence. The subsequent citation, novus ordo seculorum deciphers as â€Å"new request of the ages,† not, as intrigue scholars would have it, â€Å"New World Order† or â€Å"New Secular Order.† The creators of the Great Seal didn't connect similar implications to the Latin words ordo and seclorum that cutting edge connivance scholars do. In the citation from Vergil, ordo suggests a grouping of verifiable periods. Furthermore, seculorum doesn't signify a similar thing as the English modifier mainstream. The most widely recognized utilization of mainstream today is as a descriptor meaning â€Å"worldly, not sacred.† To Vergil, the modifier saecularis, (â€Å"relating to an extensive stretch of time†) got from the thing saeculum, which could mean â€Å"a generation,† â€Å"a century,† or â€Å"a extremely significant stretch of time.† For instance, to an advanced English speaker, the expression â€Å"secular entertainment† would mean â€Å"entertainment having nothing to do with religion.† For old Romans, â€Å"secular entertainment† implied shows or games that were put on at long interims. The old Ludi Saeculares (common games), for instance, occurred each 100 or 110 years. The traditionally prepared men who endorsed the last plan of the Great Seal in 1782 were familiar with the old conviction that mankind's history advances and decreases by Ages. For instance, Ovid depicts four ages: Golden Age, Silver Age, Bronze Age, and Iron Age. The citation from Vergil mirrors the founders’ feeling that the formation of the new country spoke to the start of another age throughout the entire existence of the world. Some intrigue scholars who misconstrue the citation likewise guarantee to see mysterious images covered up in the plans on the two sides of the Great Seal. There’s a word for seeing significant pictures in arbitrary examples: pareidolia/pair-eye-DOLE-ee-uh/thing: the inclination to see a particular, frequently significant, picture in an irregular or uncertain visual example. One kind of pareidolia is face pareidolia: the deceptive impression of non-existent countenances. Another is letter pareidolia:â the fanciful view of non-existent letters. Cases to see sinister pictures in the Great Seal are instances of image pareidolia. This kind of pareidolia is particularly inconvenient with regards to logo plan in light of the fact that a similar picture can show up distinctively to various watchers even to a similar watcher at various occasions. Image pareidolia happened with the 2014 World Cup logo: a few watchers considered it to be the delineation of a soccer fan doing a facepalm: a signal wherein the palm of ones hand is brought to ones face, as a demeanor of mistrust, disgrace, or irritation. Now and then a craftsman purposefully plays to pareidolia by making a picture planned to be found in two different ways. A celebrated model is the drawing called All Is Vanity by Charles Allan Gilbert (1873-1929). From the outset, the watcher sees a beautiful Victorian-time lady taking a gander at herself in the huge round mirror over her corrective loaded dressing table. With a subsequent look, the watcher observes not the lady, yet the picture of a passings head-a human skull that speaks to death and the brief idea of life. Alexander Pope would most likely be diverted to see the measure of jabber about the US Great Seal that has come about because of a bit of learning and a ton of pareidolia. Need to improve your English in a short time a day? Get a membership and begin getting our composing tips and activities day by day! Continue learning! Peruse the General classification, check our famous posts, or pick a related post below:16 Substitutes for â€Å"Because† or â€Å"Because Of†40 Synonyms for â€Å"Different†Wracking or Racking Your Brain?

Cultura

Cultura Well, you probably saw Mitras entry mentioning Senior Lecturer Gilberte Furstenberg (teacher of French III, a class were both taking). The homework Im doing right now is part of a unit called Cultura, where we correspond with university students learning English at lEcole Polytechnique and lIUP in Paris. So far, weve done word associations and sentence completions, where we at MIT enter (in English) what first comes to mind when we see words and sentences related to work, money, food, culture, and other staples of daily life. The French students do the same in their own language, and we compare and contrast the different responses to gain perspectives in the other country. Its interesting to see the different sorts of things that come to mind when we think of a good job, for example, in comparison to what comes to the mind of a French student. We consider these observations, ask for clarification and chat with the French students on a discussion board. Probably one of the most striking differences in perspective we found was the idea of suburbs In France, suburbs are often dangerous a stark contrast to the American idea of them being nice places to settle down, live and raise a family. Basically, the Cultura system highlights the way we think about various things we take for granted, and its been a useful way to bridge the gaps of our cultures.

Analysis Of Daron Acemoglu And James A. Robinson s Novel...

In Daron Acemoglu and James A. Robinson’s novel Why Nations Fail, they describe the two different types of institutions in which a government correlates, inclusive and extractive. Inclusive nations are exceedingly democratic and create legislation to benefit the majority, while extractive institutions are authoritative and limit the benefits to a small minority (84-89). A country’s political institution affects the accessibility to digital literature because of the improvement it enables. Digital literature provides an accessible form of education that allows for people to not only research, but it also makes it easier to come upon a sense of self-identity. Additionally, it sets a foundation for the use of new technology and provides room for change. An education, an enlightening encounter where one gains information they had not known prior to the experience, is ordinarily associated with receiving a degree from a university. However, during the modern era a breakthro ugh resource has been brought to life, one that allows for the massive consumption of wisdom without the consternation that comes with spending thousands of dollars, the World Wide Web. The popularization and practicality of the Internet has thus inevitably coined the present period the Information Age. Among the different elements of the Internet, digital literature, which consists of works that take advantage of the proficiencies a computer and other sources of digital media offer, continues to become more

The Enlightenment Was Rife With Skepticism, Self-Reliance

The Enlightenment was rife with skepticism, self-reliance and discovery. Voltaire’s Candide boasts each within its three main themes; the critique of philosophical systems (optimism, pessimism, and empiricism,) along with social criticism, and utopian ideologies. Voltaire viciously attacks the Church, the Aristocracy, and the Military. This was perfectly in line with the core ideals behind the enlightenment, a time where philosophers believed in using reason and scientific experiments in lieu of Christian dogma and tradition. Voltaires Candide perfectly encapsulates the ideology behind the Enlightenment through its’ illustrious acrimony and skepticism against the church, military, and philosophical systems. The Old Regime upheld†¦show more content†¦It does him little good as he is then hung. Friars are to remain impoverished, it is ironic that this Friar so feverishly wanted over such possessions. Later on, Friar Giroflee admits he hates his profession and in addition, admits to caring only for personal wealth and gain, â€Å"It is true I have preached a few bad sermons the have brought me in a little money, of which the prior stole half, while the rest serves to maintain my girls.† (Voltaire: 68) Not only is this a confession of the money hungry church, it is also another example of promiscuity within the church, as he is using the money from his â€Å"bad† sermons to pay for prostitutes such as Paquette. Voltaire seeks to reveal the corruption in the old regime. Not only was there corruption in the church, there was corruption in the military hence the heavy criticism of the military abundant in Candide. An example of this scorning is when Candide is forced into the Bulgarian army after toasting to the Bulgarian King, â€Å"‘He is the best of kings, and we must drink to his health’† said the Bulgarian, to which Candide replied â€Å"Oh! Very willingly, gentlemen,’ and he drank. ‘That is e nough’ they tell him. ‘Now you are the help - the hero of the bulgarians.’† (Candide: 4) With the sip of a drink, Candide is enlisted, tricked into joining the Bulgarian army where he is severely beaten and almost dies, until the Bulgarian King

Cost Reduction Strategy Free Essays

string(45) " relationships with suppliers of components\." Introduction Cost reduction is a key aim of business during the current economic downturn. In addition to intense competition for opportunity, businesses face myriad challenges in the sustenance of their activities and operations, often leading them to research on and implement cost-cutting strategies. These strategies are also essential for companies in their endeavour to create even higher profit margins on their products and services (Hines et al, 2004). We will write a custom essay sample on Cost Reduction Strategy or any similar topic only for you Order Now Cost reduction strategies often come at the expense of growth potential with businesses often having to juggle, on the one hand their quest for growth, and on the other reduction of costs (Hill et al, 2001; Womack and Jones, 2003). Cost reduction can be necessitated by several factors including revenue declines with sustainability pegged on costs having to drop to keep pace; fixed cost base with companies having to operate at a relatively high percentage of capacity in order to turn a profit, a perilous trap; as well as, creeping costs which result from the evolution to complexity of processes increasing variety of expenses, increase in entitlements over time, and the continual incurring of traditional non-essential expenses (Salvador et al., 2002). Modular production techniques in both manufacturing and service industries bring together three well-known cost reduction methods including: economies of scope, outsourcing and product/service redesign. This paper discusses these methods exploring ways in which they contribute to the reduction of costs with particular regard to three businesses in specific industries: a car assembler, a supermarket chain, and an airline. It begins by defining the three cost reduction methods focused upon which forms the basis upon which ways in which cost reduction can be realised in the selected industries are discussed in latter sections. Cost-reduction strategies Economies-of-scope refers to the changes in average costs resulting from the changes in the output mix between two or more products. It refers to the potential cost savings resulting from joint production of products and offer of services that are at times not directly related. An example of this is when diverse product production or service delivery share company management structure, administration systems, marketing departments, and production facilities and other facilities (Silverman, 1999; Hines et al, 2004). Economies of scope provide firms with two key benefits: it enables the lowering of average costs of production resulting from the spread of large overhead costs across a broad range of products which enables higher profits for the company or reduced prices for customers; it also enables the diversification of revenue streams which reduces the risks associated with product failure (Hand?eld and Nichols, 2002). Outsourcing entails contracting out non-core business functions to third-party providers. It is viewed oftentimes as a means through which firms can cope with increasing competition through the quest for cheaper suppliers, with cost reduction being the primary motive and not the underlying economic force driving it (Wynstra et al., 2001). In some other instances, a company may choose to delegate bulky, time-consuming and intensive production processes to external contractors so as to enhance focus on core business functions even if costs are not the motivation (Campbell, 1992). External entities take charge of assigned tasks enabling the company to enhance focus on specialty lines or core business which earns a significant proportion of the company’s revenues. Product/service re-design refers to improvements on product or service and model changes that may result in greater efficiency gains in production or the reduction of inputs/raw materials required thereby leading to reduction in costs (Salvador et al., 2002). Product redesign may also enable the enhancement of demand through its appeal to customers or new markets thereby enhancing revenues accrued. A.Car assembler In view of a stand-alone car assembler focused on its core activity engaging in market transactions with external suppliers from which it buys or rents materials, components and other specialized inputs, and sells assembled cars onwards to independent distributors, the achievement of reduction in costs can be achieved through the pursuit of strategies such as outsourcing, product or service redesign and those that enable the realization of scope economics. Economies of scope The highly focused organizational structure of a car assembler could be tweaked to enhance scope in pursuit of strategies such as vertical integration; horizontal integration or unrelated diversification. Vertical integration Vertical integration involves the uptake by a business of tasks and functions hitherto undertaken by players participating within its supply chain, either up or downstream (Silverman, 1999). Asset specificity is pronounced in the car assembly industry with component parts such as tyres, engines, among other parts often being purchased from specialist suppliers. The assembler’s engagement with these suppliers under pure market exchanges can have several challenges including unsustainable costs which make it prudent for the company to reach further along the supply chain, enhancing its capacity to produce the required components (Wynstra et al., 2001). The savings accrued from both the production of requisite component parts and conducting the assembly processes and/or engaging in later processes such as distribution, sales and marketing make vertical integration a significant competitive advantage, with reduced costs having the potential of enabling price reductions and/or enha nced profitability. Horizontal integration Horizontal integration involves the uptake of production processes of businesses across the industry such as those of another existing car assembler through acquisitions or mergers or diversification into related industries such technology production (technology-related diversification) (Silverman, 1999). It may also include customer-related diversification which encompasses the extension of the product range or broadening of the portfolio of business products offered (Hand?eld and Nichols, 2002). Such integration enables a business to spread its costs, especially the high fixed cost base characteristic of the car assembly industry, over a wider range of revenue streams achieving overall efficiency and fully utilizing transferable proprietary know-how, skills and technologies. It also enables the shared utilization of other sources of economies of scope including purchasing, advertising, and research and development (Womack and Jones, 2003). To avoid possible adverse consequences of asset specificity in the industry, major assemblers have sought to develop long-term close, collaborative relationships with suppliers of components. You read "Cost Reduction Strategy" in category "Essay examples" These relationships are designed to tap into the benefits of vertical integration though costs such as would be incurred in the case of complete mergers are avoided. These become the critical pathways through which modern businesses create value (Hines et al, 2004)). Sharing and efficient utilization of resources results in significant cost savings in light of enhanced revenue inflows and the spread out of costs over diverse product and service offerings. Outsourcing Outsourcing for a car assembler would entail contracting external entities to undertake bulky non-core activities so that the assembler can maintain a lean organizational structure and enable enhanced focus on activities it considers to be its core competences (Sanchez, 2000). It is often the case that production costs incurred by an external supplier are smaller probably because of larger scale or superior learning which could be difficult to replicate, or other specialization advantage (Salvador et al., 2002). A lean structure and focus would imply reduction in staffing and asset acquisition costs, as well as transactional costs needed to cover for the completion of the outsourced tasks, costs which are passed on to the contractors (Womack and Jones, 2003). Savings on such fronts, which may include throughput on operations, may be used to enhance performance and quality of core activities to achieve greater competitive advantage, or they may be factored in for price reductions or profits. Some component manufacturers are moving into the final assembly segment of operations encouraged by major car makers. Such include Valmet (Finland) which assembles cars for Saab, Lada and Porsche, and Austrian company Steyr which assembles Chrysler and Mercedes. This move is enabled by policies of extensive outsourcing. Toyota, on the other hand, built itself a flexible manufacturing system in which it is heavily reliant on subsidiaries and other suppliers, with its degree of outsourcing typically estimated at 60-70% (Hampson, 1999). Product/service redesign In the case of a car assembler working with expensive items such as steel, the cube-square rule finds appropriate application for cost reduction. This rule explains that doubling the diameter of a hollow sphere increases its volume eightfold, but its surface area is only increased fourfold (Womack and Jones, 2003). In a production process, the cost of a vessel or component may vary with surface area while its capacity varies with volume. Such balancing in design and reworking of components and parts may result in significant cost savings with regard to expensive inputs in car assembly such as steel (Salvador et al., 2002). Toyota’s success is majorly attributed to its Toyota Production System (TPS) which is a system of continuous improvement, an interlocking of many strategies and business practices developed through iterations over time and learning which create complementary synergistic effects for Toyota and which are difficult to emulate (Hampson, I., 1999). This system enhances strategic fit and complementarity which yields economies of scope which enables Toyota to meet customer demand for diverse models to meet varied preferences, and with less wastage than would be in mass production systems (Campbell, 1992; Hill et al, 2001). This strategic fit enables the company have a significant competitive advantage with the resultant efficiencies saving up costs. B.Supermarket chain Considering a supermarket chain which is involved in basic retail activities including reception of goods from producers, stocking in shelves, and checking out customers who make purchases, reduction in costs could be achieved through pursuit of scope economics, outsourcing of non-core processes, and/or redesign of products or services. Economies of scope The pursuit of economies of scope can be achieved through linked supply chains which entails integrating a vertical supply chain, as well as operating two or more hitherto independent businesses under centralized management (horizontal integration) (Abernathy et al, 2000). With optimal efficiency, this strategy results in productivity gains, waste reduction and cost improvements. Vertical integration To get fresh products, Morrison’s, a UK supermarket chain, has reached back through its supply chain to the farm, cutting off middlemen and warehouses which would have led to increases in costs to cover the margins of the individual participants in the chain. This, as well as its ownership of its own slaughterhouses, bakeries and food preparation sites, has significantly enhanced its efficiency and enabled reductions in costs, a distinctive competitive advantage (Morrisons, 2012). Horizontal integration Supermarkets have economies of scope when they offer a variety of products or services that do not comprise the usual basic goods and services available in supermarket stores (Abernathy et al, 2000). Such products and services may include ready cooked meals, financial services (such as retail banking), fuel stations, clothing and furniture, among other diverse provisions through a single service infrastructure, the store. These not only meet today’s busy shopper’s preference for a one-stop shop, but also lead to the provision of a complementary variety of products concentrated on the supermarket’s core competence (Hines et al, 2004). This results in the distribution of costs over a wide and diverse range of products resulting in overall savings. The expansion of stores such as Morrison’s, Tesco and Sainsbury into various service-provision segments (demand-driven diversification) so as to appeal to the modern consumer illustrates this strategy (Morrisons, 2012). A supermarket chain may also pursue related diversification building upon and extending existing capability, resources or expertise to achieve greater competitiveness. Cost savings are enabled when a business transfers expertise in one business to a new business, as well as in the businesses sharing operational skills and know-how, facilities, equipment or other existing assets including intangible assets such as corporate core competence (Hand?eld and Nichols, 2002). This can be illustrated by the entry of supermarket chains such as Morrison’s, Tesco and Sainsbury into the convenience store segment in pursuit of customer preference for smaller stores and small frequent shopping trends. This venture is in order to supplement waning revenues of larger stores (Morrisons, 2012). Outsourcing The progress of the general-purpose technology such as information technology (IT) enables the reduction of market transaction costs which leads to increased capacity for outsourcing (Abernathy et al, 2000). Outsourcing for a supermarket chain may entail contracting suppliers to undertake time-consuming and logistically challenging tasks such as warehousing and distribution, as well as new services such as the ready-cooked food segments. Such a strategy is necessitated if the existing mode of in-house performance of these tasks is more costly than obtaining it through market transactions or some form of long term contractual relationship (Hines et al, 2004). Efficiency is thereby enhanced in the conduct of the supermarket’s core activities, reducing costs associated with outsourced tasks and enhancing potential revenues increases. Product or service redesign Many supermarket chains are seeking to tap into new segments such as the online marketplace not only to meet customer preferences but also to reduce costs associated with its usual processes (Abernathy et al, 2000). In this customers order for product items which are then sent to their stated locations cutting off a number of processes that were hitherto undertaken thereby enabling significant savings. Morrison’s, Tesco and Sainsbury, among other supermarket chains are pursuing such new market segments in pursuit of enhanced competitiveness and customer preference (Morrisons, 2012). Airline We consider an airline whose business provides basic services of passenger travel including scheduling, preparation and planning for flights, check-in, actual flight to destinations, and customer service. Pursuit of scope economics, outsourcing and product or service redesign which are the cost reduction methods focused upon in this paper are herein discussed with regard to an airline business. Economies of scope In this regard, vertical and horizontal integration mechanisms are discussed outlining their contribution to cost reduction. Vertical integration Vertical integration for an airline may entail the uptake of activities beyond its usual scope such as ticketing commonly undertaken by local service providers along its supply chain. Progress into such fronts is greatly enhanced by developments in internet technologies which enable customers to book flights, buy and print out tickets online, reducing the need for staff and investment on facilities dedicated to this task (Abernathy et al, 2000). This removes the costs of commissions paid out to the service providers as well as related organizational costs resulting in cost savings and greater efficiency. Horizontal integration To achieve economies of scope and thereby reductions in cost, an airline might venture into the cargo segment, customizing some of its existing planes for this purpose and delegating some staff under its organizational structure to run processes associated with cargo handling and transport. Through this related diversification of operations, the firm is able to build upon or extend its existing capability, resources or areas of expertise to achieve greater competitiveness (Hand?eld and Nichols, 2002). An airline could also pursue mergers or scope acquisitions, to enhance or extend its product portfolio. This is a common trend in the industry with airlines frequently collaborating and coordinating their activities to achieve efficiency gains as well as to widen their geographical markets, reaching to routes across the globe and specific markets served by partner airlines which might not be feasible for it as a single entity (VBA, 2011). It has also become a common trend for airlines to invest in hotels and other facilities in the hospitality industry so as to tap onto an existing demand, as well as to reduce their costs in cases of delays and other unforeseen circumstances which usually result in added costs for the airline. This strategy turns the airlines previous challenges into strengths, as well as providing a revenue stream from related divestiture. Horizontal integration can be illustrated by Virgin airlines in its strategic alliances with Etihad Airways and Delta Air Lines which enhance its reach to the TransPacific Los Angeles route and the Abu Dhabi route, its gateway to Europe, Africa and the Middle East, with the collaboration benefiting all the partner airlines (VBA, 2011). Outsourcing Outsourcing for an airline is undertaken to streamline operations and enhance service quality (Wynstra et al., 2001). Tasks such as aircraft maintenance and ground support, as well as food processing for service on-board are labour-intensive and specialized tasks that can be outsourced if costs of contracting them are favourable. This would enable the airline to enhance focus on customer service and operations related to flight reducing overheads and other cost requirements. An example is Navitaire, a service supplier for airlines, which offers an extensive global distribution suite enabling low-cost reservations which has enabled the improvement of profitability especially among the low-cost airlines using the service, lower operational and distribution costs and generation of ancillary revenues (Abernathy et al, 2000). Product/service redesign To enhanced service offerings in the competitive business environment and, as well, to rein in on rising costs, it is incumbent upon airline companies to conduct frequent network reviews, fleet realignments, operational integration so as to ensure that they remain profitable, effective and efficient in their processes. The company in the redesign and realignment should be bold enough to undertake thought-out exit from the non-profitable routes lowering its liabilities and costs. An example is Virgin Australia’s endeavour at restructuring in 2011 following its poor performance evident in its 2010 financial results (VBA, 2011). Conclusion For sustainability, the aim of the cost-cutting strategy is to maximize efficiency without compromising growth potential. To achieve this, companies need to identify core competencies upon which focus is enhanced and efficiency improved, with the non-core functions being trimmed and consolidated to achieve reduction in unnecessary costs (Hines et al, 2004). Such savings can be reinvested in critical assets, enhancing core competencies and thereby improving overall efficiency. References Abernathy, F., J., Dunlop, and J., Hammond, 2000. â€Å"Retailing and supply chains in the information age.† In: Technology in Society, Vol. 22, pp. 5-31. Campbell, A., 1992. â€Å"Building Core Skills.† In: Andrew Campbell and Kathleen Luchs: Strategic Synergy. London: Butterworth Heinemann. Hand?eld, R., and E., Nichols, 2002. Supply Chain Redesign: Transforming Supply Chains into Integrated Value Systems. Financial Times. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ. Hill, M., R., Ireland, and R.., Hoskisson, 2001. Strategic Management: Competitiveness and Globalization. Fourth Edition. South-Western College Publishing, Hines, P., M., Holweg, and N., Rich, 2004. â€Å"Learning to evolve: a review of contemporary lean thinking.† In: International Journal of Operations Production Management, Vol. 24 No. 10, pp. 994-1012. Morrisons, 2012. Food with thought: Corporate responsibility review 2011/12. Wm Morrisons Supermarkets PLC. Sanchez, R., 2000. â€Å"Modular architectures, knowledge assets and organizational learning: new management processes for product creation.† In: International Journal of Technology Management, Vol. 19, No 6. Salvador, F., C., Forza, and M., Rungtusanatham, 2002. â€Å"Modularity, product variety, production volume, and component sourcing: theorizing beyond generic prescriptions.† In: Journal of Operations Management, Vol. 20, pp. 549-75. Silverman, B., 1999. â€Å"Technological resources and the direction of corporate diversification: Toward an integration of the Resource-Based View and Transaction Cost Economics.† In: Management Science, 45 (8), 1109–1124. VBA financial report, 2011. Virgin Australia group of companies. 30th June. Viewed from: http://www.virginaustralia.com/au/en/about-us/media/2011/VA-FY11-ASX/ Womack, J., and D., Jones, 2003. Lean Thinking, 2nd ed., Free Press Business, London. Wynstra, F., A., Weele, and M., Weggemann, 2001. â€Å"Managing supplier involvement in product development: three critical issues.† In: European Management Journal, Vol. 19 No. 2, pp. 157-66. Hampson, , 1999. â€Å"Lean Production and the Toyota Production System: the Case of the Forgotten Production Concepts.† In: Economics and Industrial Democracy, Volume 20: 369-391 How to cite Cost Reduction Strategy, Essay examples

Driving Journal of Business and Management - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Driving Journal of Business and Management. Answer: Introduction The efficient working of an organization hugely depends on the way its employees perform. Employees however need to be encouraged in order to get the best out of them. The impetus thus, is on the organization to induce a working environment that motivates the employees to work harder and with total dedication (Abbah 2014). Many ways are there by which managers can motivate employees to perform well. Theories of organizational management and organizational behavior are in abundance that allows managers to utilize these in the workplace. Starting from Taylor, several theorists including Weber, Hawthorne and Fayol have proposed different organizational behavior theories that have an influence on the way organizations implement rules at the workplace. Systems theory, contingency theory and the socio-technical approaches are some theories that defined organizational behavior in the modern era (?nday 2016). The essay discusses factors that influence organizational behavior and motivates employees to perform better. In addition, the essay sheds light on the role of managers in extracting the best performance from the employees by implementing strategies that adhere to the organizational setting. Organizational management and behavior Every organization looks to achieve positive results of its operations but it does not get the desired result always. Managing an organization effectively helps organizations largely to achieve the desired outcome. Organizational management thus refers to the style or method of management that enables managers to divide the whole operation into several stages. By doing this, the managers are able to paint a clear picture of the targets of each department. Ferdous (2016) asserts that every organization depends on the numerous theories of organizational management to carry out its day-to-day function. Organizational theories, he further states, have been occupied with the creation of general ideas and advances that are suitable to any organization. Every organization has its own objectives, strategies, hierarchy, and dynamic ideas that work in tandem to produce the best results. Employee motivation is one of the foremost aspects that organizations look to achieve. Yang, Liu and Wang (2013), elaborate organization theories as knowledge systems that study and elucidate organizational structure, its utility, process and its group and individual behavior. Organizational management thus refers to the process of accomplishing goals and objectives through the utilization and maintenance of resources that include employees as well. Factors influencing productive performance Several factors work together in an organization that culminates in the success of an organization. However, it is imperative to state that extracting productive performance from the employees must be the top priority. In order to do so, a manager has to think out of the box and come out with unique strategies to yield good results. In the views of Kamau (2015), organizations in the modern competitive world have to consider employee motivation as a powerful tool to encourage productive performance. The author believes that this would enable the company to achieve long-term success. Some factors that affect productive performance include designing of jobs, the working conditions, motivation and rewards and goal setting. Job design is the process of allocating specific tasks to groups or individuals. Assigning tasks to specific groups or individuals ensures meeting the organizational requirements in addition with the needs of the employees. Frederick Taylor was probably amongst the first theorists who laid stress on job design and in fact proposed the first ever job design theory. The Scientific Management Theory proposed by Taylor involves the allocation of jobs equally to workers and managers. He devised the strategy of providing incentives and rewards to motivate workers and enhance efficiency in performance. In addition, Taylor stressed on proper training of employees to manage the assignment for which they are accountable. Later, the Socio-Technical Systems Approach was introduced that acted as a modified version of Taylors theory. While Taylor focused on individual workers, the Systems Approach laid stress on group autonomy. According to this approach, when individuals work in a group, they are encouraged to provide valuable inputs that elevate organizations performance in general. Apart from the job design, productive performance also depends on the kind of working conditions that are available to the employees. According to a report published by the International Labor Organization, the working conditions in small and medium enterprises (SMEs) largely contribute to improved performance. The report designates several elements as being part of the working condition like the working time, rest hours, wages, training and such others (Ilo.org 2018). Studies have found that poor working conditions like long hours of work, little to no rest hours lead to unsatisfactory performance. Jayaweera (2015) reveals that the physical and psychological burden that employees are compelled to carry on their shoulders results in reduced performance. He cited the example of hotel workers in England to draw upon the conclusion that working conditions play a significant role in productive performance. Kuranchie-Mensah and Amponsah-Tawiah (2016), while conducting a study on Ghanas mining companies, found that motivation is a key tool to help employees overcome the stress of mining fields. They further point out that rewards can attract competent employees that could contribute greatly towards achieving organizational goals. Goal setting is another important factor that ensures improved performance. Dr. Edwin A. Locke even proposed the goal-setting theory in the 1960s that explained the importance of setting goals for improving performance. According to the theory, employees can be motivated to perform better when they are given a fixed set of goals that needs to be achieved within deadline. These goals work as a fuel for generating a sense of purpose amongst employees. Muogbo (2013) suggests that the goal setting theory works in certain situations that contribute to productive performance. According to the author, goals that are difficult to achieve bring out the best from an employee compared to the goals that can be achieved easily. This was proved from a study in Nigeria where the author discovered that workers craved for more when it came to achieving difficult goals; they had the hunger to finish the tasks and achieve those goals. Role of managers In any organization, managers play the most significant role in ensuring smooth functioning of the organization. Their job demands practical knowledge of the highest level. In the words of (Chun et al. 2013), the manager performs tasks that concern the entire organization unlike others that concerns specific departments only. A manager has the responsibility to look after each department although there are personnel to look after those departments. This shows the complexity of a managers role. The basic function that managers are responsible to perform includes planning, organizing, decision-making, staffing, controlling and directing. However, the most important role among these is directing or actuating. This involves the process of coaching and motivating workers. According to Mishra, Boynton and Mishra (2014), it is the most important job of the manager as it decides whether an organization is functioning smoothly or not. He argues that many organizations fail to understand that employees are the most important assets and they must be fueled in a positive way to achieve the desired goal. Managers are the ones responsible for allocating tasks to different individuals based on their qualification and skills. In order to ensure productive performance, managers have to scrutinize the specific skill sets each employee has. The manager must also make sure that assigning tasks does not lead to conflict between employees. He or she must make the employees feel valuable and equally important to the organization. The second thing managers have to do is to set up a working environment that gives employees a breathing space. Many traditional and modern workplaces serve as great examples of a perfect working environment (Fortune.com 2018). Companies like Google, Daimler, Dell and a few others provide excellent working conditions for their employees and the result reflects from their success. Next, managers have the authority and the opportunity to implement incentives and rewards strategy to motivate employees. It is inherent in human nature that they are attracted towards rewards. When it comes to ensuring productive performance, there cannot be a better way than to give rewards and incentives. It is an important job of the managers because they have to take care of the overall budget and then offer incentives so that it does not burden the companys financial condition. Perhaps one of the most important roles of managers is setting goals for individuals as well as for the company. Martinsuo (2013) believes that managers have the responsibility to set goals that comply with the overall target of an organization. In other words, managers must ensure that they set such goals that produce high quality performance from employees and in turn contribute to the overall achievement of the organization. Managers can draft certain questions that relate to goal setting like the relevance of goals to the business, if the goals are controllable and achievable by employees or not and most importantly, whether the goals adhere to productive performance objectives. In the modern setting that is characterized by the onslaught of globalization, organizational management has acquired an enhanced importance. Companies are looking forward to devise strategies that cater to the modern needs to keep them alive, and fit in the competitive market. A search for new forms of organizations is ongoing, driven by the changes in the economy and nature of competition (Hbr.org, 2018). Managers are entrusted with increased responsibilities to manage as well as communicate the goals and objectives of the organization to its subordinates. With the shift in the economic world, there has been considerable change in the parameters that define productive performance. Designing jobs, working environments, goal setting, rewards and incentives that work as motivational factors for employees now also define the parameters for competition. Conclusion Thus, it needs to be stated that managers must realize the true importance of their roles in effecting productive performance from the employees. In regards to the factors that influence productive performance, motivation holds the key. Motivated employees are invaluable assets to an organization. This however, is not entirely realized by many as they direct most of their attention towards operations, production and results. Many organizations treat employees as machines that are required to produce the desired outcome else they shall be replaced. This attitude as resulted in the downfall of big corporations as evident in history. The essay highlights the different factors influencing productive performance and role of managers influencing the processes. Theories and approaches have been explained in order to paint a clear picture of the importance of taking care of these factors for improved performance. It is however recommended that further studies can be carried out to analyze th e importance of managerial skills in identifying the basic requirements for productive performance. Further, it is also suggested to evaluate the relevance of traditional methods of motivation in the postmodern organizational context. References: Abbah, M.T., 2014. Employee motivation: The key to effective organizational management in Nigeria.IOSR Journal of Business and Management,16(4), pp.01-08. Chun, J.S., Shin, Y., Choi, J.N. and Kim, M.S., 2013. How does corporate ethics contribute to firm financial performance? The mediating role of collective organizational commitment and organizational citizenship behavior.Journal of Management,39(4), pp.853-877. Ferdous, J., 2016. Organization Theories: From Classical Perspective.International Journal of Business, Economics and Law,9(2), pp.1-6. Fortune.com 2018.The 25 Best Global Companies to Work For. [online] Fortune. Available at: https://fortune.com/2016/10/26/best-global-companies/ [Accessed 13 Jan. 2018]. Hbr.org 2018.How to Implement a New Strategy Without Disrupting Your Organization. [online] Harvard Business Review. Available at: https://hbr.org/2006/03/how-to-implement-a-new-strategy-without-disrupting-your-organization [Accessed 13 Jan. 2018]. Ilo.org 2018.Can better working conditions improve the performance of SMEs?. [online] Ilo.org. Available at: https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_emp/---emp_ent/documents/publication/wcms_227760.pdf [Accessed 13 Jan. 2018]. Jayaweera, T., 2015. Impact of work environmental factors on job performance, mediating role of work motivation: A study of hotel sector in England.International journal of business and management,10(3), p.271. Kamau, F., 2015. Enhancing Job Motivation To Improve Employee Performance. Case Study Company X. Kuranchie-Mensah, E.B. and Amponsah-Tawiah, K., 2016. Employee motivation and work performance: A comparative study of mining companies in Ghana.Journal of industrial Engineering and Management,9(2), p.255. Martinsuo, M., 2013. Project portfolio management in practice and in context.International Journal of Project Management,31(6), pp.794-803. Mishra, K., Boynton, L. and Mishra, A., 2014. Driving employee engagement: The expanded role of internal communications.International Journal of Business Communication,51(2), pp.183-202. Muogbo, U.S., 2013. The impact of employee motivation on organisational performance (a study of some selected firms in anambra state nigeria).The international journal of engineering and science,2(7), pp.70-80. ?nday, ?., 2016. Classical Organization Theory: From generic management of Socrates to bureaucracy of Weber.International Journal of Business and Management Review,4(1), pp.87-105. Yang, C.X., Liu, H.M. and Wang, X.X., 2013. Organization theories: from classical to modern.Journal of Applied Sciences,13(21), pp.4470-4476.

Men and Women in Internet and Social Media Real

Introduction: Real Problems in Virtual Communication The differences between genders and the peculiarities of the communication within completely male and completely female mini-societies have always been key issues that allowed a borderline to be drawn between the two genders.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Men and Women in Internet and Social Media: Real-Life Stereotypes in the Virtual Communication specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Indeed, predetermining men and women’s roles in society, the aspect of communication between the former allow to establish a paradigm for a certain social behavior, which is completely different between the two genders. As Barrett Davidson (2006) stress, â€Å"it has been shown that women and men use email in ways that replicate gender roles and communication style differences in other forms of communication† (133). In the given paper, the specifics of the use of and access to the Internet and social media are discussed. Social Media Use and Access Established long ago and shaped throughout the centuries of human development, the communication within the female and the male mini-communities has taken certain shapes, which, although slightly changed with the advent of feminism, still remain relatively the same, mostly because of the behavioural patterns established for both genders; as Barrett and Davidson (2006) explain, women’s speech patterns â€Å"are asserted in terms of contrast with male norms, which means they are linked with subordinate roles rather than leadership† (p. 10). However, in the sphere of virtual communication and the social media, due to the considerable change of the environment, behavioural patterns might change, which could lead to different attitudes and different specifics of female and male communication and â€Å"suggest new, variant patterns† (Barrett Davidson, 2006, p. 14). By understanding the way new technologies impacts the communication of men and women, it may be possible to determine how the future communication of the two genders will evolve and whether â€Å"using these technologies will retain or change previous research findings about male and female communication patterns, suggest new, variant patterns [†¦]† (Barrett Davidson, 2006, p. 14).Advertising Looking for essay on gender studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It seems that the cyberspace, first defined as the â€Å"electronic space of data and representations generated, organized, and presented consistently to all viewers connected to a set of globally-networked computers† (Benedikt, 1993), has become much more than merely a storage of facts and information. Entering the sphere of social media and the Internet, people try to determine their new roles and see if the new space differs from the real one (Munusami Ismali, 2009). However, even though the virtual reality allows users to create any image possible and literally break any stereotypes, people still seemingly prefer to act in their online communications according to the gender roles which they have in their real life: â€Å"Because of its anonymity, online communication may be more uninhibited. This may in turn lead to more, rather than fewer, gender-based stereotypical comments† (Barrett Davidson, 2006, p. 133). Analyzing the peculiarities of the communication processes carried out via the Internet and social media, one can see the way gender issues impact the atmosphere and the course of the communication among men and in female circles in the virtual life. When the Virtual Borderline Is Washed Away Online communication differs greatly from the real-life communication, mostly because of the lack of visual support and non-verbal communication. In most cases, the people involved in online communication cannot see each others’ facia l expressions and gestures; as Jones (1998) explained, among the needs that have not been fully satisfied yet, â€Å"the primacy of the visual, the tendency toward the image† (p. 10) â€Å"is being developed† (p. 10). Therefore, allegedly, a user can bend the communication rules much harder in online conversation and reinvent his/her image and even the image of a certain social layer as a whole.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Men and Women in Internet and Social Media: Real-Life Stereotypes in the Virtual Communication specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For example, at times, the lack of visual or audio information allows to erase the gender differences and make it easier for women to integrate into the online communication. F or instance, the infamous problem concerning the way women’s voices differ from those of men is removed: â€Å"I am convinced that the belief that women’s voice s are high-pitched and shrill is one way of disqualifying women from public speaking† (Spender, 1998, p. 40). The Internet and Men: A King in His Castle When taking a closer look at the way in which men communicate in their online communities, one can see distinctly that the internet and the social media are highly gendered and that there is a certain line drawn between the communication within masculine and feminine circles (Ono Zavodny, 2002). Male communication patterns are quite different and the way men socialize online presupposes different approaches (Munusami Ismali, 2009). To top it all, the aims of men and women in their online conversations and the use of social media are quite different – while women pursue a chance to plunge into a relaxing atmosphere and exchange their impressions with each other, men tend to see the Internet and the social media as a way to establish their superiority, take the lead and train their skills in arguing and drawing conclusi ons (Barrett Davidson, 2006). Taking online conversations as another variation of a hunting game where they have either to lose or to win, men use the Internet as the training ground for their skills. The Media Access: Be the Leader Like in most spheres, men tend to be leaders even in the access to the Internet (Ono Zavodny, 2002). Despite the fact that gender inequality is already a history in most countries, women still have less access to the Internet than men, as Ono and Zavodny (2002) claim.Advertising Looking for essay on gender studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to the latter, â€Å"about 5 percentage points more likely than women to have access to the Internet in 1996 and 1998 – a statistically insignificant gap – but the gap increased to 10 percentage in 1999 and was significant† (p. 3). As the authors assert, the difference in the rates of access opportunities between men and women can be explained by the lack of technical skills among women (Ono Zavodny, 2003). Media Usage: Veni, Vidi, Vici According to Spender (1998), the way men communicate in real and virtual life is developed â€Å"in the interest of promoting their own primacy† (p. 151). Therefore, men use the Internet and the social media in the same way as they address the issues of the real life, which involves â€Å"such masculine behaviours as verbal dueling, arguing, dominating the floor, being cool and reserved† (Cameron, 2000, p. 88), which must be stemming from the well-known â€Å"masculine social privilege† (p. 145). H ence, it appears that men try to establish their superiority with the help of the online communication, thus, enhancing their status even more and reaching the top of their leadership career. According to what Jones (1998) says, the amount of time taken by men during the use of the social media is much greater than the time women usually spend: â€Å"[†¦] if we consider amount of time spent on computers, the type of equipment, and the influence on programming, everywhere the technologically elite overwhelmingly are men† (p. 109). Internet and Women: Treading the New Territory It can be suggested that the media tend to reinforce social and gender stereotypes for adults and, especially, children, offering certain role models to follow and certain patterns which people have to accept as the only ones that are suitable. As Cameron (1992) emphasizes in her Feminism and linguistic theory, Children are treated differently according to sex both inside and outside the family from the moment they are born. Gendered behaviors are modeled or hem, and explicitly taught to them. Peer groups and social institutions (like schooling and mass media) reinforce norms of masculinity and femininity all the time. All these social processes are embedded in language, and all of them contribute to a child’s linguistic development. (p. 181) Therefore, the behavioural patterns among women in Internet and social media display the typical communication style similar to the one which is accepted in the real-life environment: according to the Gender styles in CMC research (n.d.), women â€Å"†¦displayed features of attenuation — hedging, apologizing, asking questions rather than making assertions†¦ [and] and a personal orientation, revealing thoughts and feelings and interacting with and supporting others.† Such stereotypes contribute to shaping children’s vision of gender and sexuality, which prevents from various sexual deviations (Cameron Kulick, 2003). However, it could be argued that such stereotypical perceptions of people are not the kind of attitude that the 21st century world should experience. Thus, it is rather doubtful that the Internet and social media will revolutionize the sphere of female communication and provide the changes that will offer at least a slight change in the social patterns of female communication. The Media Access: New Experience The access to the media in present days seems hardly an issue; owing to the gender equality principles which have already been established, women and men should have the same amount of opportunities in media access (Ono Zavodny, 2002). Since women are no longer oppressed by men, it must be supposed that women should have the same chances to access Internet as men do. Indeed, as Munusami and Ismali (2009) say, However, if we look into today’s education opportunity and technology advancement, Internet access and gender imbalance is not as significant as th e access is readily available for both genders. In other words, there is a democratic space to which both genders have equal excess to the Internet. However, despite all the equal excess opportunity, gender differences are still apparent in the extent and purpose of its usage. (309) In addition, despite the fact that the access to Internet often demands the technical skills and knowledge which men typically possess, women obviously access Internet almost as frequently as men; according to the statistical data offered by James Stewart (n.d.), women access the Internet in 41.8% of cases, while men make 58.2% of users who access the Internet efficiently (5). Hence, women have fewer opportunities to access the Internet. The Media Usage: Careful Exploration In terms of certain violations that users commit when using social media, men display tendencies to practice interruption of communication much more frequently than women; as Coates (2004) explains, the given specifics of male convers ational strategies stems from childhood: â€Å"Sociolinguistic researchers have found that boys in secondary schools interrupt others more than girls do† (p. 192). Rather similar to the latter, though considerably milder, the approach of overlapping is quite a widespread phenomenon for a conversation among women, which allows to suggest that the female communication is also flawed; however, as Coates (2004) explains, overlapping technique is more frequent â€Å"in mixed conversation† (p. 137). Still, it is important to note that the overlapping technique used by women in their communication serves a different purpose from the one of interruption. While the latter is used to demonstrate power and leadership, overlapping keeps the conversation going and prevents its ceasing or becoming uncomfortable and â€Å"may come into conflict over overlapping talk† (Coates, 2004, p. 137). However, the percentage of women using the Internet still remains lower than the percen tage of men; according to Stewart (n.d.), only 41.6% of the Internet users make women, while men make the remaining 58.4% (5). In addition, out of 41.6% of all Internet female users, 41% are at-home users, as Stewart (n.d.) explains. Gendering of the Access to and Use of the Internet: The Comparison To understand how access to and use of the Internet and social media are gendered, one has to compare the peculiarities of the ways in which men and women communicate online. Therefore, the specifics of the online behavior, the perception of both genders online by their partners in conversation and the typical topics of their conversations must be discussed. Thus, the full picture of the online gender issues and the most widespread stereotypes can be obtained and a complete analysis will be conducted. Men and Women in Social Media: The Similarities It is rather peculiar that, disregarding the differences between the two genders, men and women actually display certain similarities in thei r communication strategies, such as the practice of overlapping (Coates, 2004, p. 137). Transferring these strategies into the sphere of the online conversation, both genders create relatively similar patterns of behavior, which make it possible to suggest that the online space can be used as the grounds for breaking the stereotypical ideas about the way men and women communicate. However, taking a closer look at the way women and men nowadays access the social media, it becomes clear that in present days, women and men have relatively equal chances of accessing the Internet and other social media. According to what Munusami and Ismali (2009) say, both genders have the same opportunities in accessing the Internet and seem to make efficient use of their chances: If we look into today’s education opportunity and technology advancement, Internet access and gender imbalance is not as significant as the access is readily available for both genders. In other words, there is a democ ratic space to which both genders have equal excess to the Internet. (p. 309) Therefore, as for access to the Internet and social media, women and men have presumably the same opportunities. Therefore, the access to the social media is gendered according to the modern idea of equality between a man and a woman. Hence, there is very little difference in the specifics of access to the social media between men and women. Men and Women in Social Media: The Differences Mostly because of the fact that people transfer their real-life social roles into the virtual space, men and women display patterns in their online communication, which are similar to those which they demonstrate in real life, e.g., men play the part of leaders, while women prefer not to get involved into online arguments and conflicts, which, according to Barrett and Davidson, â€Å"women were less likely to resolve† (Barrett Davidson, 2006, p. 212). When it comes to the actual use of the Internet and the social m edia, it can be considered that women are more likely to structure their own style of relationships and create their own universe based on the ideas and patterns introduced earlier by men: â€Å"Men certainly play a pathfinder role in adoption of technology, through particular employment distribution, interests, resources and as a result of marketing, but women quickly follow† (Stewart, n.d., p. 5). Creating their cyberspace reality, in most cases women follow the strategy that men used earlier, and do not attempt to create any new concept, thus, only evolving, but not revolutionizing the virtual communication patterns, softening them to make these patterns more â€Å"feminine†: â€Å"Some findings are that men tend to interrupt, take long, sole-speaker turns, and use direct forms, while women tend to use indirect or modalizing strategies† (Barrett Davidson, 2006, p. 52). In the sphere of online communication, men tend to take matters in their own hands, prefer ring to manage the entire process of communication (Cameron, 1998), leading even to the situation when women are isolated from the communication process. Such actions are quite rough, yet rather typical of the male population of Internet users. According to one of the examples offered by Jones (1998), there are certain pages on the Web that have high traffic, with mostly men having online conversations, for instance, in the sphere of business. Men and Women in Social Media: The Results Nevertheless, one must admit that, in certain cases, men and women display complete equality concerning the use of Internet and social media, without splitting into certain categories and showing specific patterns of communication. According to what Al-Deen Iendricks (2011) say, â€Å"However, Gerlich, Browning, and Westermann (2010) found no significant differences between male and female college students in their Internet usage, social media usage, or beliefs about social media sites in generalâ⠂¬  (p. 139). Nevertheless, most people tend to transfer the specifics of their real-life communication in the Internet and social media. Thus, the typical split between male and female culture exists. Whilst allowing the culture of genders to remain stable, the Internet and social media have made it considerably more flexible: â€Å"Our results indicate that there is no longer a gender gap in Internet usage. However, there continues to be a gender gap in frequency and intensity of use, although this gap appears to have diminished over time† (Ono Zavodny, 2002, p. 11). Conclusion: Gender Issues in Virtual Communication It can be concluded that the development of virtual communication and social media allows women and men explore new tactics of communication. Despite the fact that the first steps made by women in the sphere of the online communication and social media life are quite careful, it could be suggested that that the shift in gender roles owes much to the modern so cial media. Although the social media powered by online communication can be used as a powerful weapon to establish even more prejudices concerning the role of a man and a woman in the present-day world, it is evident that women can try a relatively new behaviour within the boundaries of the Internet and may then stretch it even further, into the real-world social life, which will enable the eradication of numerous stereotypes. Reference List Al-Deen, N H, Iendricks, J 2011, Social media: usage and impact, Lexington Books, Idaho Falls, ID. Barrett, M, Davidson, M 2006, Gender and communication at work, Ashgate Publishing, Farnham, UK. Benedikt, M L 1993, Cityspace, cyberspace, and the spatiology of information, the University of Texas in Austin, Austin, TX. Web. Cameron, D 1992, Feminism and linguistic theory, Macmillan, Basingstoke, NY. Cameron, D 1998, The feminist critique of language: a reader, Routledge, London, UK. Cameron, D 2000, Good to talk?, SAGE, London, UK. Cameron, D Kulick, D 2003, Language and sexuality, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. Coates, J 2004, Women, men and languages, 3rd edn, Pearson Education Ltd, Harlow, UK. Gender styles in computer-mediated communication, n.d., Georgetown.edu. Web. Jones, S (ed.) 1998, Cybersociety: revisiting computer-mediated communication and  community, SAGE, London, UK. Munusami, K Ismali, M (2009). â€Å"Influence of role on Internet usage patterns at home among academicians†, Journal of International Social Research, 2(9), 308-318. Ono, H, Zavodny, M (2002). Gender and the Internet. Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA. Spender, D 1998, Man made language, Routledge, London, UK. Stewart, J n.d., Chapter 2: information society, the Internet and fender. A summary of pan-European statistical data. Web. This essay on Men and Women in Internet and Social Media: Real-Life Stereotypes in the Virtual Communication was written and submitted by user Nakia to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Turner Surname Meaning and Origin

Turner Surname Meaning and Origin Turner is most commonly an occupational name for one who worked with a lathe to make items of wood, bone, or metal. The name derives from the Old French tornier and Latin Tornarius, meaning lathe. Other possible origins of the Turner surname include: An occupational name for an official in charge of a tournament, from the Old French tornei, meaning a tournament or contest of armed men.A variant of the surname Turnehare, a nickname for a fast runner from the  Middle English turnen, meaning to turn hare, a fast rabbit.An occupational name for a guard in a tower, from the Middle High German turn, meaning tower.A habitational name for someone from any one of various places named Turna, Turno,  Thurn, etc. This origin can be hard to pinpoint to a specific country, meaning individuals with the Turner surname could have come from Poland, Austria, Germany or any number of other countries. Turner is the 49th most popular surname in the United States and the 27th most common surname in England. Surname Origin:  English, Scottish Alternate Surname Spellings:  TOURNIER, TURNEY, DOERNER, DURNER, TARNER, TERNER, TOURNEAU, TURNOR, THURNER, TOURNER, TOURNOR Famous People Sith the Surname TURNER - 18th and 19th century British landscape painterNat Turner - leader of a violent slave rebellion in VirginiaCharles Henry Turner -  pioneering African-American scientist and scholarIke Turner - RB legend; husband of Tina TurnerTed Turner - founder of CNN; philanthropistKathleen Turner - American actressLana Turner - American film actress and pin-up girlJosh Turner - American country music starJohn Turner - 17th Prime Minister of Canada Where Do People With the TURNER Surname Live? Turner is the worlds 900th most common surname, according to surname distribution data from  Forebears. It is most common in various English speaking countries, including New Zealand where it ranks 30th, England (31st), Australia (34th), Isle of Man (34th), Wales (46th) and the United States (48th). WorldNames PublicProfiler  identifies Turner as most prevalent in the Waitomo District of New Zealand, followed by the Otorohanga District. It also identifies the surname as especially common in Tasmania and Western Australia, as well as East Anglia and West Midlands in the United Kingdom. Genealogy Resources for the Surname TURNER 100 Most Common U.S. Surnames Their MeaningsSmith, Johnson, Williams, Jones, Brown... Are you one of the millions of Americans sporting one of these top 100 common last names from the 2000 census? 100 Most Common English Surnames with MeaningsLearn how surnames originated in England, and about the four major types of surnames. Includes a list of 100 of the most popular English surnames along with their meanings. Turner Family Crest - Its Not What You ThinkContrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as a Turner family crest or coat of arms for the Turner surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male-line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted.   Turner Family Genealogy ForumSearch this popular genealogy forum for the Turner surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Turner query. FamilySearch - TURNER GenealogyAccess over 7 million free historical records and lineage-linked family trees posted for the Turner surname and its variations on this free genealogy website hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. TURNER Surname Family Mailing ListsRootsWeb hosts several free mailing lists for researchers of the Turner surname. DistantCousin.com - TURNER Genealogy Family HistoryExplore free databases and genealogy links for the last name Turner. The Turner Genealogy and Family Tree PageBrowse family trees and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the last name Turner from the website of Genealogy Today. References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil.  Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967.Dorward, David.  Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998.Fucilla, Joseph.  Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003.Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges.  A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989.Hanks, Patrick.  Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003.Reaney, P.H.  A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997.Smith, Elsdon C.  American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

Game theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Game theory - Essay Example Game theory is used to understand competitive situations. These are normally those scenarios in which the chances of a certain outcome largely depend on parties involved and also on a bit of chance. Consequently, the theory focuses on predicting what these respective players will do and hence the most appropriate alternative is chosen by the analyst. There is a particular mathematician who was responsible for this theory and was known as John Von Neumann. (Miller, 2003) Through his work in the mid twentieth century, the expert was able to spearhead several divisions in this interesting theory. Some of the divisions include In the 2-person versus n-person division, the 2-Person approach largely focuses on the choices available to two players and how to bring out optimum outcomes. On the other hand, in the n - person division, great attention is given to the occurrences and coalitions that are likely to come out of prevailing circumstances. Then again the cooperative division of the game theory largely dwells on choices that are available to parties who have been bound by certain agreements. In uncooperative game theory, parties may find themselves obliged to one another because of the negative outcomes that may emanate out of their choices. Lastly, in the Zero sum scenario, players are likely to loose everything when the other party gains something. On the other hand, in the non zero sum, a player can gain something and still room for his or her opponent to gain it too. Despite all these branches, there are certain common characteristics that make the game theory what it is today. These can be summarized under the following three criterions Extensive or game tree form Normal or strategic matrix Characteristic function All forms of the game theory usually indicate the sequences or patterns of choices available to players and their chances of occurrences. The latter part largely depends upon a device and is usually backed up by some pay offs that are likely to occur after the end of a pattern of choices. The second aspect that makes the game theory what it is the normal, strategic or pay-off matrix. In this kind of approach, one is supposed to look though a series of avenues available to other players in the competition or event. Intersections of these avenues reflect the payoffs granted to a particular player doing the analysis. Additionally, the characteristic function is that possible coalitions that a particular player can ensure for another player regardless of what others end up doing in the process. (Osborne, 2004) Criticisms of the game theory in understanding economic factors or strategic behaviour of firms The most important thing to note in the game theory is the fact that players involved within a certain scenario are rational. It is also assumed that these players have well defined gaols that have been ranked from most important to least important. Besides these, the game theory is founded upon the fact that all decisions that are being made by certain individuals can be attached to a particular value and that players always tend

Conduct a Literature Review Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Conduct a Literature Review - Coursework Example Once each school is adequately funded, they might not find it challenging to support all their curricular and co-curricular activities much easily. However, many schools are not able to effectively discharge their roles mainly because of poor management of the available resources. Many schools have been, in the past, found to have misused their resources. Unknown to them, failure to be accountable for the school funds has had detrimental effects on the teaching and learning processes in these schools. Surprisingly, it is the school administrators who have been accused of engaging in such immoral and illegal acts. Instead of complying with their school budgets, they do choose to ignore and instead divert school funds to their personal uses. The sensitivity of this matter has attracted lots of scholars to conduct several researches aimed at unveiling these acts and helping to come up with measures that can be used to ultimately resolve it. Despite these attempts, a lot still need to be done to bridge the existing gap. In my research, I will have to carry out an extensive review on a lot of secondary resources that might be releva nt to my studies. To emphasize on the important contribution of management skills in public schools, Schultz & Shultz (2010) and Martindale (2011) state that self-discipline is paramount. In their opinion, a leader should always be ready to restraint themselves and refrain from any activity that might hinder the progress of their organizations. This view is supported by Gomez-Mejia (2008) who acknowledges that management is not a simple task because it does not only involve human, but also non-human resources. The findings of these scholars can be of much value if applied in this research. Management skills are necessary for the success of any public school in the country. Despite training as teachers, school heads should be equipped with managerial skills. These can be of

Should Primary Education In Ethiopia Be Compulsory Education Essay

Should Primary Education In Ethiopia Be Compulsory Education Essay Most children living in main towns and cities in Ethiopia have more access than those living in the rural areas. (Link Ethiopia) These children have a chance to go to primary school, and are now being encouraged by their parents and guardians to attend school throughout. Ethiopia was at civil war for 16 years. After the war, in 1991, education has shown a massive development. In 1994-1995 three million people were in primary school; and by 2008-2009, 15.3 million children got enrolled in primary schools. (One living proof) This is an increase of over 500% (One living proof). Statistics have also shown that approximately 1 teacher teaches 59 students in primary classes. Elleni Muluneh, a founder member of the Ethiopian Youth Forum, said that without education, a country cannot develop. (UNICEF) The government and other NGOs have identified this problem. One of the Millennium development goals is to move on and make primary education free and compulsory by 2015. (UNICEF) However, one of the core problems facing Ethiopia on Education is that most people in Ethiopia think that work is more important than education, so they start at a very early age with little to no education. (Wikipedia) More and more teenage women today drop out from school to go and work in the Arab countries as servants. Men also drop out from school to work in Arab countries. The men usually go there for being janitors, drivers, or guards. I got a chance to talk to Aisha. She quit school at the age of 15 to go to Libya. She went there hoping for a better future. After 3 years of hard labor, she came back. I asked her, Why did you quit school at the first place? She responded by saying I wanted to get a better and happier life for me and my family. I was amazed by this response. This shows us that these children dont see the need for education. Their parents also dont encourage them to get the education. In fact, it was Aishas Mum that pushed her to go for work. I asked Aisha What does education mean to you? She replied by saying For me, education is knowledge. But it is also a waste of time and money, when you could just go to work and help your family survive! What a discouraging response. Now Aisha is planning to go to Dubai. Her parents are encouraging her to go and work. All they care is for the money their daughter brings. They dont plan for the future of their daughter. Now, this type of silliness could be abolished if primary education was compulsory. People like Aisha could be taught about the need for education. If Aisha continued in her 6th grade, she would have had more knowledge about the needs of education. Does everyone have the right to primary education? This is a really hard question to answer, but I would my answer would be no. This is because the gender inequality there is in most rural parts of Ethiopia. If a child has no access to primary education, then there is no change for him/her to enter into Secondary school. In the Ethiopian governments development plans, the right to womens education is a big issue that is currently being solved. If I could change the education system children in rural areas have, I would modify the disciplinary rule. Children get physically abused by the teachers in most government schools around Ethiopia. I went to Summer School this year and experienced the difficulty children in government school face each school day. The students are very quiet, and dont participate in class discussion because they fear the teacher. I asked my friend, Miki to explain to me why they fear the teacher. He said, We fear the teacher because it is fun for him/her giving us a bruise, even if we talk little. (Miki) Compulsory schooling in Ethiopia is for 6 years. (State University) These are, the 2 Kindergartens, and primary school up to 4 years. I dont believe this is true because I personally know some children that have never been to school. Most of the little boys you see on the street selling gum have never been to school. They just get taught indirectly on how to sell their sweets. Statistics also show that only 52% complete primary school through 5th grade. (SEEDS OF AFRICA FOUNDATION) I went to Abebech Gobena on Saturday. This is an orphanage and school in Addis Ababa. There are lots of orphans living there. They get free education 5 days a week. Although the quality of education these children get are poor, they also get free clothing, food, shelter, and some money to spend every month. There are some schools like this in Ethiopia. These schools are funded by worldwide organizations like, Children Aid, UNICEF, and the United Nations. Some people say, what can I do? I as an individual could help in making primary education in Ethiopia free and compulsory by donating at least an equivalent amount for orphanages and schools. However, we together can make big changes to a lot of orphans lives. If we donate together, the outcome will mean a lot to those who are in need of it. In my opinion a major issue that must be solved in primary schools is that few school supplies are available to each student. All the students in government schools are expected to buy books, paper, pens, and any other school utensils themselves. The school doesnt provide these facilities to its students. Another major problem is the sanitation facilities in most schools around Ethiopia. Most schools dont have clean and hygienic toilets. Water, soap, and toilet seats are a major issue in schools. I say that the government and some NGOs have to spend lots of money in order to resolve these two points I mentioned. Table 1 shows the Primary school enrolment trends in 11 cities in Ethiopia. As we can see, every year, the number of children enrolled in Primary schools has shown a fair rise in number. Table 1: Regional enrolment trends (Ethiopian Ministry Of Education) Graph 1 shows the difference between the percent of Male and Female students enrolled in Primary school. Graph 1: Net Enrollment Ratio and Gender for Primary school (Ethiopian Ministry Of Education) Graph 2 shows the average annual growth rate of primary enrollment in the year 2010/11. It is shocking to see that Addis Ababa and Harar had a downfall in 2010/11. Graph 2: Average annual growth rate of primary enrollment (Ethiopian Ministry Of Education) The local people are also doing their best in order to educate their children. In Amhara Region, communities have contributed a total sum of 57.5 million birr. (Oumer) 17 million birr in cash, 28.7 million birr in form of labor, and 11.8 million birr in local materials. (Oumer) This funding also took place in Oromia, Jimma, and lots of other cities. There are 31 NGOs working with the government of Ethiopia today. (Dutch coalition on disability and development) All these NGOs help the community by improving the basic aspects that are needed for everyday life. Some of the most important necessities are water, shelter, and improved sanitation. Besides these necessities, education is one of the other important aspects that all of these NGOs are working on. 3 of the main NGOs working with the government to improve education are: UNICEF, UNESCO, and Save The Children. So, what I want to say by referring to all these NGOs is that primary education should be fully compulsory in all parts of Ethiopia. This is happening slowly by slowly. One of the millennium development goals in Ethiopia is to make primary education free and compulsory. If children do primary school, then they would have a bigger idea on the needs of education. As I mentioned earlier on, one of the core problems of education in Ethiopia is that the people dont see the need to education. Most farmers in rural places think that helping out the family work during the day is better than going to school. Free primary education could lead to compulsory primary education. The literacy rate of Ethiopia should increase to at least an 87% in the next 5 years. The government of Ethiopia is working hard, with other NGOs to improve the quality of education it is giving to the children. Statistics have proven that, people who earn higher education earn 93 % more than those with a secondary education, who in turn earn 47% more than those with a 5th 8th grade education. (SEEDS OF AFRICA FOUNDATION) This could be equalized if primary education is compulsory. I, as an individual have learnt that a lot is being done to achieve one of the millennium development goals. Lots of NGOs are working with the government to fulfill their goal for an Educated Ethiopia. But, this could be fully fulfilled with our help. We can make a change. We are lucky that we are learning in one of Ethiopians best schools, but we should also think of those poor little girls wasting those useful weekdays by doing hard work. Most females become mums at the age of 15. We, as educated students know the dangers of having babies at these ages, but these poor little girls dont. This is also getting abolished nowadays. So all in all, all that I can say is that Ethiopia is a developing country in terms of its GDP, and also education. Compulsory primary education could lead for a brighter future! And in the next five years, I hope to see a fully educated Ethiopia. Word Count (Excluding Works Cited List and Cover Page): 1,951

Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) Essay examples -- essays papers

What is the FTAA In 1994, the leaders of the thirty-four democratic countries of the Western Hemisphere launched the process of creating a Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA). The FTAA will be established by 2010 with the aim of gradually eradicating barriers to trade and investment in the region. The final characteristics of the FTAA will be determined through negotiations by government officials from the thirty-four participating countries. The trade issues that are presently under discussion are: market access; investment; services; government procurement; dispute settlement; agriculture; intellectual property; antidumping, subsidies and countervailing duties; and competition policy. Guiding principles for these negotiations are (1) the agreement will be consistent with the rules of the World Trade Organization (WTO), (2) all countries will be participants in all parts of the agreement, and (3) the final agreement will build on the existing agreements in the region such as the Andean Commu nity and the Southern Cone Common Market (known by its Spanish acronym MERCOSUR). Guiding Principles of the Negotiations †¢ Decisions by consensus (one nation, one vote). †¢ Transparency. †¢ Consistent with rules and disciplines of the World Trade Organization. †¢ Commitment to improve on WTO rules and disciplines. †¢ Single undertaking with simultaneous negotiations in all issue areas. †¢ Co-existence with bilateral and sub-regional trade agreements. †¢ Countries negotiate and accept obligations individually or as members of sub-regional groups. †¢ Special attention to smaller economies and difference in levels of development. †¢ Rights and obligations shared by all countries. †¢ Countries to ensure that national laws and regulations conform to FTAA obligations. The central purpose of the FTAA is to promote economic growth and prosperity of the member countries by lowering barriers to trade and investment within the Western Hemisphere. According to the principles, it is a WTO plus agreement in the sense that the standards and disciplines of the WTO constitute the foundation on which the FTAA is to be constructed, but to be a success it must exceed these. In addition, the FTAA process co-exists with existing trade agreements and the sub-regional trade blocs can have a place at the negotiating table. As is also clear from the list of principles, th... ...p://www.stopftaa.org/info/info_maude.html) Cavanaugh, John. â€Å"Hemispheric Network for Just and Sustainable Trade and Development.† Inside NAFTA 6 (2000): 12-15. Foreign Trade Information System. 2001. Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) Process. [Online]. Available on the World Wide Web: (http://www.sice.oas.org/ftaa_e.asp) Global Exchange. 2000. Top Ten Reasons to Oppose the Free Trade Area of the Americas [online]. Available on the World Wide Web: (http://www.globalexchange.org/ftaa/topten.html) Hansen-Kuhn, Karen. 1996. Free Trade Area of the Americas [online]. Available from the World Wide Web: (http://www.foreignpolicy-infocus.org/briefs/vol1/ftaa.html) Nason, Jesse. 2000. FTAA Myths vs. Reality [online]. Available on the World Wide Web: (http://www.stopftaa.org/info/info_factmyth.html) Nason, Jesse. 2000. Straight from the Horse's Mouth: A critical look at what the FTAA says about itself. [Online]. Available from the World Wide Web: (http://www.stopftaa.org/info/info_quotes.html) Public Citizen: Global Trade Watch. 1999. Unveiling "NAFTA for the Americas" [online]. Available from World Wide Web: (http://www.stopftaa.org/info/info_publiccitizen.html) Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) Essay examples -- essays papers What is the FTAA In 1994, the leaders of the thirty-four democratic countries of the Western Hemisphere launched the process of creating a Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA). The FTAA will be established by 2010 with the aim of gradually eradicating barriers to trade and investment in the region. The final characteristics of the FTAA will be determined through negotiations by government officials from the thirty-four participating countries. The trade issues that are presently under discussion are: market access; investment; services; government procurement; dispute settlement; agriculture; intellectual property; antidumping, subsidies and countervailing duties; and competition policy. Guiding principles for these negotiations are (1) the agreement will be consistent with the rules of the World Trade Organization (WTO), (2) all countries will be participants in all parts of the agreement, and (3) the final agreement will build on the existing agreements in the region such as the Andean Commu nity and the Southern Cone Common Market (known by its Spanish acronym MERCOSUR). Guiding Principles of the Negotiations †¢ Decisions by consensus (one nation, one vote). †¢ Transparency. †¢ Consistent with rules and disciplines of the World Trade Organization. †¢ Commitment to improve on WTO rules and disciplines. †¢ Single undertaking with simultaneous negotiations in all issue areas. †¢ Co-existence with bilateral and sub-regional trade agreements. †¢ Countries negotiate and accept obligations individually or as members of sub-regional groups. †¢ Special attention to smaller economies and difference in levels of development. †¢ Rights and obligations shared by all countries. †¢ Countries to ensure that national laws and regulations conform to FTAA obligations. The central purpose of the FTAA is to promote economic growth and prosperity of the member countries by lowering barriers to trade and investment within the Western Hemisphere. According to the principles, it is a WTO plus agreement in the sense that the standards and disciplines of the WTO constitute the foundation on which the FTAA is to be constructed, but to be a success it must exceed these. In addition, the FTAA process co-exists with existing trade agreements and the sub-regional trade blocs can have a place at the negotiating table. As is also clear from the list of principles, th... ...p://www.stopftaa.org/info/info_maude.html) Cavanaugh, John. â€Å"Hemispheric Network for Just and Sustainable Trade and Development.† Inside NAFTA 6 (2000): 12-15. Foreign Trade Information System. 2001. Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) Process. [Online]. Available on the World Wide Web: (http://www.sice.oas.org/ftaa_e.asp) Global Exchange. 2000. Top Ten Reasons to Oppose the Free Trade Area of the Americas [online]. Available on the World Wide Web: (http://www.globalexchange.org/ftaa/topten.html) Hansen-Kuhn, Karen. 1996. Free Trade Area of the Americas [online]. Available from the World Wide Web: (http://www.foreignpolicy-infocus.org/briefs/vol1/ftaa.html) Nason, Jesse. 2000. FTAA Myths vs. Reality [online]. Available on the World Wide Web: (http://www.stopftaa.org/info/info_factmyth.html) Nason, Jesse. 2000. Straight from the Horse's Mouth: A critical look at what the FTAA says about itself. [Online]. Available from the World Wide Web: (http://www.stopftaa.org/info/info_quotes.html) Public Citizen: Global Trade Watch. 1999. Unveiling "NAFTA for the Americas" [online]. Available from World Wide Web: (http://www.stopftaa.org/info/info_publiccitizen.html)

Automatic Controls for Any Process

Chapter 5Automatic ControlsAutomation plays a really critical function in the development and promotion of any system. Automatic control refers to the control of any procedure, device or a system utilizing automatic agencies instead than manual control. Automation a system is done to better the public presentation and to increase the productiveness of the system. Automatic control has become an built-in portion in every field whether it is industry, robotics, vehicles, power workss, etc. to increase the productiveness, public presentation and efficiency of the system control systems are used to accomplish the mechanization. Control system fundamentally refers to the interconnectedness of the constituents to configure the system to bring forth the coveted end product.5.1 Types of Control SystemThere are fundamentally two types of control systems: Figure 5.1 Basic types of Control systems Closed cringle system is good than unfastened cringle system. The control system used for this undertaking is a closed cringle electronic control unit which can command the end product of the system.5.2 Components of Control systemThere are assorted constituents of control system that includes the procedure whose end product is to be controlled, informations acquisition unit, electronic control unit and end product devices.5.2.1 ProcedureIt is the basic constituent of the control system as this is the constituent whose end product is to be controlled utilizing the automatic control. So it is required to mathematically pattern the procedure to understand the behavior of the input and so bring forth the desired and controlled end product ( Mutambara Arthur 1999 ) . Top of Form Bottom of Form5.2.2 Data Acquisition UnitIt is that unit of the system that can mensurate electrical or physical measure in the signifier of electromotive force, current, temperature, sound, etc. It by and large measures the parallel signal and so treat it utilizing signal conditioning or parallel to digital convertor. The physiological information from the detectors is send to the cardinal unit to be processed. PIC16f73 microcontroller is used as the nucleus of DAU and it performs the parallel to digital transition and so sends the processed end product signal to the end product device. PIC microcontroller is chosen as it provides the necessary functionalities needed to the user. Besides it has high velocity parallel to digital transition ability. PIC microcontroller is farther connected to liquid crystal show ( LCD ) , doorbell and a motor to expose the end product. Basic constituents of DAQ unit: Figure 5.2 Components of DAQ unit ( What is data acquisition? 2014 ) Detector:Sensor is an input device used to mensurate the physiological signals like temperature, light olfactory property, etc. It is besides called transducer that converts a physical signal into measureable electrical signal. The electrical end product of the detector may be in the signifier of current, electromotive force, opposition or other electrical signal depending upon the type of detector used. In this undertaking, intoxicant detector and eye-blink detectors are used which are already discussed in the old chapter 3 and 4. DAQ Device:It is the interface between the input signal from the detector and the computing machine. It is fundamentally used to change over the linear signal coming from the detector into a digital signal which can be easy interpreted by the computing machine. Its chief map is to mensurate the parallel signal utilizing signal conditioning and so change over it into digital signifier. For this undertaking the microcontroller will move as a DAQ device and it will work on the instructions programmed in its memory. Microcontroller used in this undertaking has inbuilt parallel to digital convertor so there is no demand to link parallel to digital convertor externally. Computer System:The DAQ device is connected to the computing machine utilizing a port. The computing machine coach linking the DAQ and the computing machine system acts as a communicating nexus between the computing machine and the DAQ device for go throughing the instructions and the measured informations. In this undertaking, a plan is written in programming package ( Mikro C ) and this plan is fed into the DAQ device utilizing a microcontroller burner and a coach. This connexion between the DAQ device and computing machine is made merely for infixing the codification into it. After that there is no demand for computing machine, the device will execute its maps on its ain ( What is data acquisition? 2014 ) .5.2.3 Electronic Control unitThe electronic control unit ( ECU ) controls the fuel system, ignition system and velocity of the engine. It chiefly consists of microprocessors or microcontrollers, random entree memory ( RAM ) , read merely memory ( ROM ) and input end product devi ces. Based on the information from the input detectors, the ECU determines the end product of the electronics circuit. It is considered as the encephalon of the control system as its work is to take the signal and bring forth the automatically controlled signal required by the end product. Microcontroller serves both the intent of informations acquisition and commanding the end products of the undertaking ( Vincent T, Ciulla 2002 ) .5.2.4 Output ActuatorIt is besides known as end product device that converts the electrical signal into some physical end product. It receives the controlled signal from the electronic control unit in the signifier of electrical signal. It is the device which influences the procedure of the system physically and forces the device to bring forth the coveted end product. The actuator applicable to this undertaking is motor that is used to bespeak the end product of the system. This undertaking besides requires a control unit as the vehicle is automatically controlled in this system.5.3 Types of electronic controlThree types of electronic controls are used majorly in any system ; Figure 5.3 Types of Electronic Controls Comparison between different types of controls is given in the following tabular array based upon their characteristics and public presentation. This comparing is drawn to find the best suited type of control to be used in this undertaking. Table 5.1 Comparison between different types of controlsMicroprocessorMicrocontrollerProgrammable Logic ControlA microprocessor works as a Central Processing Unit of a general intent computing machine.It can be considered as micro computing machine as all the constituents are embedded on a individual bit.It is a specialised system designed to command the industrial procedures and machinery.I/O ports, memory, timers, interrupts, etc are non inbuilt so they are connected externally.Microcontroller has all the excess peripherals like I/O ports, memory, timers, counters, interrupts, etc are built-in inside the bit merely.It has a programmable memory to hive away specific maps like on/off control, timers, counters, arithmetic and informations handling. It has limited figure of inputs and end products.Microprocessors based systems are bulky and really much expensive as it gives really high processing velocity.These are easy available and are less bulky and much cheaper than microprocessors .PLCs are usage programmed for merely peculiar undertakings so their hardware is really dearly-won and need regular care.But its drawback is that it has really few pins that are programmable.Most of the pins of microcontroller are programmable.It is a programmable logic control and uses ladder logic for scheduling.It can merely manage a few spots of instructions as it has really less built-in memory.It has inbuilt memory so it has many spots to manage instructions.It has really small memory which can manage few instructions.It is widely used in desktop computing machines and laptop, notepads, etc due to its high processing velocity.It has moderate processing velocity so it is widely used in little control systems, contraptions like oven, telecastings, etc.It is by and large used for industrial applications for automatic control of industrial machinery, procedure etc.Slightly big size due to excess peripherals and operates above 1Ghz.Small in size and operates from really few MHzs to 30-50 Mhz.Its size varies from little, medium to really big PLC panels.Examples of microprocessors are 8085, 8086, INTEL Pentium series, etc.Examples of microcontrollers are INTEL8051, PIC16f73, PIC16F877, etc.Examples of PLC are industrial control, industrial safety applications, etc.The research worker decided to utilize the microcontroller bit for the processing of detected signals because it is little in size, cheap and consumes less power. It does non necessitate any external input/ end product ports, memory, timers or interrupts as it has all these characteristics inbuilt in its internal architecture. Higher integrating of microcontroller besides reduces the cost and size of the system which serves the basic demand of the user every bit good as the research worker. PLC based systems are really much expensive to be used for this intent ( Basics of microcontrollers 2011 ) .5.3.1 Choice of microcontroller for the undertakingAfter make up one's minding the microcontroller it is o f import to make up one's mind which microcontroller should be used in this peculiar undertaking that can outdo suit the demands of the undertaking. For this intent a comparing between different types of microcontroller is drawn in the undermentioned tabular array. Table 5.2 Comparison of Different MicrocontrollersPropertiesPIC microcontrollerMicrocontroller 8051AVRDirection SetIt is based on RISC ( Reduced direction set calculation ) . It has merely 35 set of instructions that makes its architecture easy to larn.It is based on CISC ( Complex direction set calculation ) . It has a big figure of instructions about 250 instructions.It is besides based on RISC ( Reduced direction set calculation ) but it has big direction set i.e. non-orthogonal. It has about 140 instructions.Processing SpeedIt can treat 3 million instructions per second because in 1 machine rhythm of PIC, clock frequence is divided by 4.It can treat 1 million instructions per second because in 1 machine rhythm of 8051, clock frequence is divided by 12.It can treat 12 million instructions per second because in 1 machine rhythm of AVR, clock frequence is divided by 1.ADCIts velocity of parallel to digital transition is really fast than AVR’s.It does non hold inbuilt parallel to digital convertors like PIC and AVR.Its parallel to digital transition velocity is slower than PIC.Power ingestionIt has least power ingestion.It consumes the most power out of all the three microcontrollers.It consumer higher power than PIC microcontroller.ProgramingIt is really easy programmable IC as it really easy to code.Cryptography of microcontroller 8051 is besides easy.It has really complex cryptography for novices as compared to other two microcontrollers.MemoryIt has 8k brassy memory, 368?8 byte RAM.It has 256 byte internal RAM and 4k on-chip ROM.It has 8k byte flash memory, 1k byte RAM.Cost and AvailabilityIt is easy available in market and that excessively at low cost.It is besides low lost and easy available.It is dearly-won as compared to 8051 and PIC micro accountant and handiness is besides limited.As detectors are used in this undertaking so it is better to utilize a microcontroller with built-in ADC with fast transition velocity alternatively of utilizing sepa rate ADC after every detection faculty. By maintaining this in head the research worker had studied the characteristics of assorted microcontrollers which can be used to implement the accident bar system and eventually reached to the decision of utilizing PIC ( Peripheral Interface Controller ) microcontroller. Researcher decided to utilize PIC16f73 is used in the undertaking due to its high parallel to digital transition. The pin architecture of PIC16f73 is given figure 5.4.5.4 Architecture of PIC16f73 microcontroller Figure 5.4 Architecture of microcontroller PIC16f73 ( Microchip 2002 ) It is a 28 pin IC and the coveted undertaking can be made utilizing 28 pins with 3 input end product ports. It has 192 byte RAM ( Random Access Memory ) and it is based on RISC architecture with merely 35 set of instructions. It has 8k brassy memory, 4k programmable memory and 368?8 byte RAM. It has 3 ports viz. port A, B and C. Port A consists of 5 parallel to digital channels for ADC transition. Assorted parametric quantities for choosing PIC16f73 microcontroller are listed below.Performance:PIC16f73 microcontroller which will be used in the execution of this undertaking is a 28 pin IC with 3 input-output ports. It besides has 192 bytes of RAM ( Random Access Memory ) and is based on RISC ( Reduced Instruction Set Computation ) architecture for better public presentation of the Accident Prevention System. It has much faster transition velocity of parallel to digital transition than other accountants.Power ingestion:A PIC controlled system has minimal power ingestion with good publi c presentation which is needed by the accident bar system. So this characteristic of PIC is really utile for the system being developed as the system would work on minimum power without compromising the system public presentation.Memory:The accident bar system utilizing intoxicant and oculus winking sensing can be done utilizing the built-in memory of PIC but still if the demand of memory of the system increases. PIC microcontroller besides has 4k programmable brassy memory and most of the PIC based systems are memory expandible and can spread out its memory as per use and type of application. To implement this system its built-in memory is adequate ( Bates Martin, 2011 ) .Therefore from this chapter, the control unit used for this undertaking is finalized. This chapter gives a brief overview of assorted control devices. Comparison between different control systems is drawn. The justification for taking a peculiar control unit is besides given. The short account of microcontroller u sed is besides given in this chapter. Now all the basic constituents to be used in the undertaking are decided. Therefore from the following chapter, design of circuitry and the system will be done. After that this system should be implemented and so tested.