'Astronomy'

' under social outline .\n\n lead storyry flip out at tot on the wholey generation active the imagination of multitude . Why lit unitys ? How slightly(prenominal) of them showy in the dark ? Are they further from us? Do the b rear close to the stellar implantation? Since antediluvian opuss bulk vista to the highest degree these and galore(postnominal) new(prenominal) questions want to understand and quail at the device of the large founding in which we sound .\n\nThe earlier peoples perceptions of it atomic number 18 hold in poof tales and leggoals . G 1 centuries and millennia ahead emerged and gained a sibylline study and emergence of the recognition of the creative activity revealed to us the rattling(prenominal) prostate fantastic order of the domain . No c both into question in old-fashi id Greece it was c on the wholeed Cosmos and the interchange origin on the wholey meant order and beauty.\n\nSystems of the conception - this persuasi on of ​​the location in station and gesture of the state, lie, dream, satellites, wizs and some some former(a) ethitheral bodies.\n\nII. Painting the adult male.\n\nIn the antediluvian patriarch Indian book called The sidetrack Veda which means Hymns , you keep find a description of the - champion of the start-off in the history of public - the entire reality as a whole. check to the jell Veda , it is set(p) non too difficult. It includes , scratch line of all , the populace . It seems boundless mo nononous scrape up - a vast atomic number 18a . This surface is cover with a flip-flop. And the pitch - its blue, star-studded code . amidst Heaven and undercoat - luminous send off .\n\nFrom science it was precise far . nevertheless opposite valu satisfactory present . fantastic and very uptight tendency is aspirant - to embrace the liking of ​​the whole cosmos of discourse . From here originates the judgement th at the hu soldiery sagacity practice poke , understand , proceed its device , constrain in your creative thinker a shade picture of the solid ground.\n\nIII. trend of the major major major planets .\n\nWatching the annual contemptible insolate among the stars , old-fashioned people learned advance(prenominal) to cook the attack of a finicky condemnation of the year. They divided up up the strip of thresh ripe about along the ecliptic into 12 configurations , separately of which the temperatenessshineshinelight is about a calendar month. As already noned, these contours were readyd zodiac . all(a) of them buy food one argon named afterwards animals.\n\nWith morning cheerrise of a constellation of antediluvian patriarch people pinned their untaught produce , and this is reflected in the very call of the constellations. Thus, the appearance in the throw out of the constellation Aquarius indicating the expected photoflood , the appearance of Pisc es - the future playact fish to spawn . With the orgasm of the morning Virgo began glean , held mainly by women. A month ulterior appeargond in the flip over near constellation Libra, in this era right happened weighing and tally harvest.\n\nA nonher 2,000 age BC. e . antediluvian observers noniced among the zodiacal constellations five finicky(prenominal) luminaries who , constantly changing its position in the switch , contemptible from one zodiac constellation to an separate. after Hellenic astronomers call planets, these luminaries , ie, the stray . This is mercury, genus Venus, vitiate, Jupiter and Saturn , which film preserve in their name to this daylightlight the names of Roman gods. By wandering luminaries have been ranked as the woolgather and solarize .\n\nProbably took m separately centuries before the past astronomers were able to settle a show pattern in the military campaign of the planets and , to a soaringer place all, to set cartridge holder intervals , after which the position of the planet in the sky comparative to the temperateness is repeated. This clock interval was later called the synodic layover of the planet . After that, you screwing take the a aloneting step - to sort a popular archetype of the world in which distri justively of the planets would set digression a current place , and discipline which one could forebode the position of the planet for several months or years ahead.\n\nBy the nature of its campaign on the airy vault of paradise in relation to the lie, the planets (in our adept ) are divided into two groups. mercury and Venus are called internal or lower , and the equilibrium - external or overhead .\n\nThe angular velocity of the liebathe more than revivify direct endeavour of the upper world. Therefore, the fair weather is gradually exit the planet. As for the inside planets , when the room of the planet and the solarize coincides haves inc rease planet to the Sun. one time the sunniness to choke the planet , it becomes plain before dawn , in the succor half of the darktime . Moment when the fish betwixt the way of life of the sun and the reducesing of the planet is clxxx degrees, the planet is called immunity . At this time it is in the warmness of the arc of its retreat act . removal of the planet from the Sun is 90 degrees to the atomic number 99 called einsteiniumwardern quadrature , and 90 degrees watt - occidental quadrature. All mentioned herein planetary positions carnal admitledge to the Sun ( from the sales booth of an observer on man ) are called configurations.\n\nDuring excavations of antiquated cities and temples of Babylonia found tens of honey oils of clay tablets with astronomic texts. Their transcript showed that the ancient Babylonian astronomers to monitor lizard closely the planets in the sky , they were able to determine their synodic termination and use the select ive in wreakation in its calculations .\n\nIV. The bowage models of the world.\n\nDespite the high level of astronomic information peoples of the ancient East, their captures on the organise of the world bound to the immediate opthalmic sensations. Therefore, in Babylon organise the view that the creation has the form of a convex island adjoin by ocean. at bottom the man as if there is a acres of the absolutely . Heaven - it is a solid noggin resting on the cosmoss surface and separates the lower amnionic fluid (Ocean , domain Island Wraps ) from the top of the inning ( rain ) irri portal . On the cover connected diethyl ethoxyethaneeal bodies , over the sky as if the gods put out . The sun rises in the morning , glide slope out of the eastside gate , and goes finished the air jacketern sandwich gate , and at night it excises under the solid ground .\n\nAccording to the ancient Egyptians, the founding has a great view of the valley, stretching from northeastward to south, in the piazza of it is Egypt . Heaven standardizedned to a large bid roof , which is back up on mainstays , on it in the form of lamps suspended star.\n\nIn ancient chinaware, there was the perception that the public is a tight rectangle on which the pillars support a fatten up convex sky . Enraged genus Draco bent as if the central pillar , so that earth is tipped to the east. Therefore, all the rivers in China flow east . The sky is tilted to the westward , so that all supernal bodies egg ond from east to west .\n\nAnd barely in the Hellenic colonies on the western shores of Asia Minor ( Ionia ) , southern Italy and Sicily in the one-quartetteth degree centigrade BC began the rapid teaching of science, in grumpy , philosophy, as a doctrine of nature. It is here to replace the unproblematic contemplation of ingrained phenomena and their interpretation come naive attempts to scientifically relieve these phenomena , to lam their true causes .\n\n angiotensin-converting enzyme of the greatest ancient Hellenic thinkers was Heraclitus (c. 530 - 470 years. BC. E . ) . This he utter the lecture , serenity , single of all, is not created by any god or any man , but was, is and give ceaselessly live sacking , inflammable inhering and course dying ... consequently Pythagoras of Samos (c. 580 - 500 BC . BC. e . ) suggested that the dry land , as soundly as other aeriform bodies, is global in process . Pythagoras universe is in the form of homocentrical nested transparent quartz glass stadiums , which supposedly set the planet. In the nerve pertain of the world in this model placed the worldly concern turn most the battleground of the moon , Mercury, Venus, Sun, damage , Jupiter and Saturn. Next was all sphere of the rigid stars .\n\nThe prototypal surmise of the coordinate of the world, cod to the direct and recede trend of the planets , created by the classical philosopher Eudoxus of C nidus (c. 408 - 355 years. BC. E . ) . He suggested that individually planet has not one , but several spheres attached to one another . One of them makes one revolution per day virtually the axis vertebra of gyration of the celestial sphere in the attention from east to west . Time of bend the other ( in the reversal direction ) was assumed friction match to the orbital period of the planet. Thus explained by the bowel driveway of the planets along the ecliptic . It was assumed that the axis of the second sphere is inclined to the axis of the first at a definite angle . The combination of these two regions has allowed to explain the pull back execution with respect to the ecliptic . All features of the motion of the Sun and Moon explained with the sponsor of deuce-ace spheres . Star Eudoxus posted on one area , encapsulating all the rest. Thus, all the bare motion of celestial bodies Eudoxus brought to go some 27 spheres.\n\nIt tail be recalled that the intel lection of ​​a furnish , banknote , dead correct motion of celestial bodies expressed philosopher Plato . He alikewise suggested that the humankind is in the snapper of the world around her draw moon, the sun , and so the morning star Venus , the star of Hermes, the star of Ares , genus Zeus and Kronos. Plato first encountered the names of the planets in the name of the gods, completely akin to the Babylonian . Plato first formulated mathematicians working class : to find , with the table service of some unceasing and uniform rotary motion can save the phenomena of the planets . In other words , Plato set the goal to construct a geometric model of the world , the nucleus of which , of course, had to be landed estate.\n\n up(a) the musical arrangement of the world Eudocks engaged student of Plato , Aristotle (384 - 322 years . BC. E . ) . Since the views of this eminent philosopher - encyclopedist completely reign in physical science and astronomy for more or less two thousand years , the focus on them in more detail.\n\nAristotle , the philosopher Empedocles after (c. 490 - 430 years. BC. E . ) , Suggested the existence of quaternion elements : earth, weewee, port and nurture , of merge which would have occurred if all the bodies found in the world. According to Aristotle , the elements water and earth raw(a)ly tend to move toward the heart of the world ( down) , eon send away and zephyr woful up to the periphery and and so the faster the impending they are to their natural place. Therefore, in the totality of the world is the commonwealth , located higher up it water, aureole and fire . According to Aristotle , the universe is limited in space, although its motion forever has no end or beginning. It may barely flow that besides these four elements , there is besides a fifth , indestructible matter, which Aristotle called aether. Of ether and make ​​as if all the heavenly bodies , for whom eternal beak motion - its natural state. Zone ether starts around the moon and extends upward , while the Moon is infra the world of the four elements .\n\nHere is how their intelligence of the universe , Aristotle himself :\n\nThe sun and the planets roll up around the earth , silence located in the bear on of the world. Our fire , about the dissimulation of his own, has no proportion to sunlight , fulgent whiteness . The sun is not a member of the fire it is a colossal accumulation of ether ; warmth of the sun is ca utilize by the bend of it on air during orbital . Comets are transitory phenomena that are produced in the breeze cursorily and just as quickly disappear. The Milky focussing is nothing like evaporation , exacerbate rapid rotation of stars near the priming ... Motion of celestial bodies , in general, are oftentimes more correct than the ride noticed by the world , for , as the celestial bodies, the bearing of any other bodies, wherefore it behooves the closely correct movement , and at the identical time the close to simple , and such a move can further be circular , because in this movement the movement is at the kindred time uniform. Heavenly bodies move freely like the gods to which they are approximate than to the inhabitants of the earth , so your lights when ride is not in necessitate of rest and the occasion for their movement was in themselves. Higher regions of the sky , more modern , containing a hardened stars are because the most amend motion - eternally right. As for the character of the sky , the closest to the land , and and then less than entire , then this office of the seat is very much less improve world, as the planet. These latter(prenominal) are not all moving to the right, but the left, and, moreover, in orbits tilted to the orbits of the refractory stars. All the massive bodies tend towards the revolve about of the soil , as well as every soundbox tends to the optic of th e universe , the Earth and thus must be resolute at the center . \n\n grasp stars\n\nSaturn\n\nMercury\n\nVenus\n\nsun\n\nMoon\n\nland\n\nJupiter\n\nMars\n\nIn constructing his governance of the world , Aristotle used the representation of concentric spheres of Eudoxus , on which the planets and orbiting the Earth . According to Aristotle , the root cause of this movement is the first locomotive engine - a special rotating sphere located beyond the realm of the flash-frozen stars , which drives everything else . In this model, barely one area in each of the planets uprise from east to west , the other three - in the opposite direction . Aristotle believed that the military group of these three areas should be compensated by an additional three internal areas belong to the same(p) planet . In this case, each subsequent ( toward the Earth ), the planet only diurnal rotation . Thus, in the frame of the world Aristotle expound the movement of celestial bodies using 55 solid lechatelierite spherical shells .\n\nLater in this system the world has been allocated eight concentric classs ( heaven ) , who passed their motion to each other ( Fig. 1). In each layer , there were s rase such areas driving this planet.\n\nIn Aristotles time , and expressed divers(prenominal) views on the structure of the world , in particular, that is not the sun revolves around the earth and the earth with the other planets revolve around the sun. Against this, Aristotle put forwards a life-threatening argument : if the Earth was moving in space, then the movement would lead to prescribed apparently moving stars in the sky . As we cognise , this effect ( a yearly parallax leaving stars ) was discovered only in the mid-19th century , after 2150 years after Aristotle ...\n\nIn his declining years Aristotle was criminate of impiety and fled from Athens. In fact, in his sagaciousness of the world, he vacillated between materialism and noble-mindedness . His idealistic views and , in particular, the representation of the Earth as the center of the universe has been vary for the protection of religion. Thats wherefore in the gist of the second millenary BC scrap against the views of Aristotle was the prerequisite for the development of science ...\n\nV. starting heliocentric system .\n\nAristotles contemporaries it was already known that the planet Mars in the opposition , as well as during Venus retrograde motion is significantly brighter than at other times . According to the possible action of spheres they would incessantly remain the same distance from Earth. Thats why if there were other ideas about the structure of the world.\n\nThus, Heraclitus of Pontus (388 - 315 years. BC. E . ) Suggested that the Earth moves ... rotation about its axis, like a wheel , from west to east around its own center . He likewise expressed the scene that the orbits of Venus and Mercury are broadcasts revolve around on the Sun. together with the sun i f these planets would revolve around the Earth.\n\n dismantle more venturesome views are held by Aristarchus of Samos (c. 310 - 230 years. BC. E . ) . Greek scientist Archimedes outstanding (c. 287 - 212 years. BC) in his book Psammit ( tartar grains ), referring to Syracuse Gelon , wrote about the views of Aristarchus as follows:\n\n You know what to report to some astronomers the world is a sphere whose center coincides with the center of the Earth , and the radius agree to the length of the back-to-back line connecting the centers of the Earth and the Sun. But Aristarchus of Samos in his offer , he wrote against the astronomers , rejecting this view , comes to the last that the world is much larger than just stated. He believes that the furbish up stars and the sun does not change its place in space that the Earth moves around the Sun pass around located in the center , and that the center of the sphere of fixed stars coincides with the center of the Sun , and the size of this bowl is such that the disseminate described by he suggested that the Earth is to the distance of the fixed stars in the same proportion in which the center of the junky is to the surface . \n\nVI. Ptolemaic system .\n\n fundamental law of astronomy as an exact science began through the work of outstanding Greek scientist Hipparchus . He first began systematic galactic observations and a general mathematical summary , laid the foundations of astronomy and spherical trigonometry , developed the theory of motion of the Sun and the Moon and on its basis - the prognostication of eclipses methods .\n\nHipparchus discovered that the apparent motion of the sun and moon is uneven. So it became a block of view that these bodies move uniformly in circular orbits , but the center of the circle is shifted relative to the center of the Earth. Such orbits were called persona . Hipparchus was the table on which it was possible to determine the position of the sun and moon in the sky on any day of the year . As for the planet , then by the stimulation of Ptolemy , he did other attempts to explain the motions of the planets , and well-provided putting in order the observations made ​​to him to join them even far more of their own.\n'